teardownChild called terminate() then waitForFinished(2000), then
disconnected the QProcess signals. But waitForFinished pumps a local
event loop — when frankenphp exited inside that wait, QProcess::finished
fired synchronously, ran onChildFinished as the crash-supervisor's
restart path, and spawned a brand-new frankenphp child during
shutdown. That child's QProcess was then destroyed mid-spawn during
stack unwinding, producing the "QProcess: Destroyed while process is
still running" warning the bundled-supervisor.sh test catches.
Fix: disconnect first, then terminate. Severing signals before the
wait turns terminate() into the synchronous reap it should always
have been; onChildFinished can't run for a process we're explicitly
tearing down.
Local integration test passes clean — both the cache-baked-mount-path
relaunch and the graceful-shutdown assertion go through without the
warning or any orphan frankenphp.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
The aboutToQuit-based teardown wired in v0.1.2 only fires when something
calls QCoreApplication::quit() — typically a window close. `kill -TERM`
to the host process bypasses Qt entirely (no default SIGTERM handler),
so teardownChild never ran on signal-driven shutdown. Local tests
passed on lucky timing because PR_SET_PDEATHSIG made the kernel SIGTERM
frankenphp once the host died, but the timing was racy and surfaced on
CI as "frankenphp child PID outlived the host (supervisor didn't clean
up)".
Fix: install a SIGTERM/SIGINT handler in BackendConnection that uses
the self-pipe pattern — the C signal handler writes one byte (the only
truly async-signal-safe primitive), a QSocketNotifier on the read end
calls QCoreApplication::quit() in the main thread, and aboutToQuit runs
the existing teardownChild before app.exec() returns. The host now
exits cleanly under `kill -TERM` from service managers, launchers, and
the test harness.
Also bumps the bundled-supervisor.sh first-relaunch grace from 2s to
3s — teardownChild itself waits up to 2s for frankenphp to finish after
SIGTERM, so the host needs ~2.x seconds to exit. The graceful-shutdown
step further down was already at 3s.
No public-API change; production-correctness fix.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Symptom (user report on v0.1.1):
QProcess: Destroyed while process ("/tmp/.mount_Todo-xbNoHHL/usr/bin/frankenphp") is still running.
…and the frankenphp child + its PHP workers were left orphaned after
the host exited.
Cause: teardownChild() was only called from ~BackendConnection. By
the time that destructor runs, app.exec() has already returned,
QQmlApplicationEngine is mid-destruction, and Qt's event loop is
half-torn-down. waitForFinished() doesn't reliably reap the child in
that window — QProcess gets destroyed by the QObject parent-chain
cleanup before the kernel reports the child as exited.
Fix: in BackendConnection's constructor, connect
QCoreApplication::aboutToQuit → teardownChild. aboutToQuit fires
while the event loop is still active and BEFORE main() starts
unwinding the stack, so SIGTERM + waitForFinished can do their job
properly. The destructor's teardownChild call stays as belt-and-
suspenders (no-op once aboutToQuit has already cleaned up — the
function is idempotent via the m_child = nullptr at its end).
The connect happens unconditionally in the constructor (not just for
bundled mode) because m_child is also nullptr in dev mode and
teardownChild handles that with its leading `if (!m_child) return;`.
Regression guard: examples/todo/tests/bundled-supervisor.sh gains a
"graceful shutdown" step:
- Snapshots the host's child PIDs before SIGTERM
- SIGTERMs the host, waits up to 3s for clean exit
- Greps the host log for "QProcess: Destroyed while" — fail if found
- Iterates the snapshotted PIDs, fails on any frankenphp orphan still alive
Verified locally: real AppImage + the integration test both clean up
without Qt warnings or orphan processes.
PLAN.md: new v0.1.2 section above v0.1.1, this is its first entry.
CHANGELOG.md: [0.1.2] — TBD section with the same Fixed entry.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Reproduces with the v0.1.1 AppImage on the second launch (same user
data dir, fresh AppImage mount):
phpqml.bridge.bundled: symfony: "/tmp/.mount_Todo-xllnOHH/..."
Cannot load migrations from "/tmp/.mount_Todo-xDBkOfG/.../migrations"
^^^^^^^
stale path from PREVIOUS launch's cache
Symfony compiles `kernel.project_dir` (an absolute path) into its
cached container under var/cache/. We redirect var/cache into the
user data dir for read-only-mount survival (v0.1.0 fix), but the
*content* of that cache references the mount path that was active
when the cache was built. Next launch gets a different
/tmp/.mount_<random>; the cached refs are stale; first
project_dir-sensitive lookup blows up (doctrine migrations was the
canary; would also surface as misrouted assets, broken Twig template
paths, etc.).
Fix: BackendConnection::initBundledMode does
QDir(cacheDir).removeRecursively() right after creating the dirs but
before runMigrations spawns the doctrine subprocess. Symfony rebuilds
the cache against the current mount on every launch. Cost: ~1-2s of
warmup per cold start.
Permanent fix is build-time cache warmup (ship the prod cache inside
the AppImage, copy to user data dir on first launch, no per-launch
warmup) — already tracked as a v0.2.0 item in PLAN.md §13. v0.1.1
takes the simpler always-wipe approach since it's bugfix-class.
Regression guard: examples/todo/tests/bundled-supervisor.sh gains a
"2nd launch from fresh staging" step that tears down the first host,
re-stages a fresh fake AppImage layout (different /tmp dir = different
"mount path" from BackendConnection's perspective), and asserts
/healthz comes back up. Without the cache wipe, that step would fail
exactly the way doctrine did in the user's report.
Verified locally:
- bundled-supervisor.sh passes (incl. 2nd-launch step)
- Real AppImage: two consecutive launches both reach
"phpqml.bridge.bundled: migrations OK" + frankenphp spawn
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Symfony defaults Kernel::getCacheDir/getLogDir to <project>/var/cache
and <project>/var/log. In bundled mode those resolve inside the
AppImage's FUSE mount (/tmp/.mount_<hash>/usr/share/<app>/symfony/) —
read-only. Migrations fail at startup with:
Unable to create the "cache" directory
(/tmp/.mount_<hash>/usr/share/<app>/symfony/var/cache/prod).
…and frankenphp's worker can't warm a cache either, so even after the
binary spawns, the app is in a half-working state (which probably also
explains the persistent Reconnecting banner the user reported — once
migrations fail the supervisor sets Offline; even a successful
re-probe of /healthz wouldn't recover from a half-warm state).
Two-part fix, framework-side seam + app-side override:
1. BackendConnection.cpp (runMigrations + spawnChild): mkdir
<m_dataDir>/var/{cache,log} and pass them as APP_CACHE_DIR /
APP_LOG_DIR env vars. <m_dataDir> resolves to
~/.local/share/<app> via QStandardPaths::AppDataLocation, so
it's user-writable.
2. App Kernel.php (skeleton + todo): override getCacheDir /
getLogDir to honour the env vars. Falls back to parent
behaviour when unset (dev mode keeps writing to var/cache like
normal).
Database file already lives at <m_dataDir>/var/data.sqlite, so the DB
side was fine. Caddy autosaves to ~/.config/caddy and TLS storage to
~/.local/share/caddy — both user-writable. Mercure ran in-memory
mode in earlier logs so no extra storage redirect needed there.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
resolveFrankenphpBin() returned `applicationDirPath() + "/bin/frankenphp"`,
but applicationDirPath() inside an AppImage is already `usr/bin/` —
where the host binary itself runs from. The "/bin/" prefix produced
the doubled path, e.g.:
/tmp/appimage_extracted_<hash>/usr/bin/bin/frankenphp
…which doesn't exist. The supervisor logged the lookup failure and
kept retrying, eventually hitting the perfsmoke 8s cold-start
deadline.
build-appimage.sh:148 installs frankenphp at `usr/bin/frankenphp`
(sibling of the host binary, per the layout comment at line 18). The
fix is to drop the spurious `/bin/`. Other resolvers in the same
file (resolveSymfonyDir, resolveCaddyfilePath) already use the
correct `here + "/<file>"` pattern.
Bug shipped since the bundled-mode supervisor was added — would
have hit anyone running the AppImage. Local `make quality` only
exercises dev mode (BRIDGE_URL set), so the integration test loop
never reached this codepath; CI's perfsmoke against the actual
AppImage is the only thing that catches it. Manual test would be:
launch the AppImage with BRIDGE_FRANKENPHP_BIN unset and watch the
phpqml.bridge.bundled log.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Qt 6.5.3's qmllint exits 255 on these two warnings even though older
qmllints only warn:
- Outer-id access from a delegate (`width: view.width`) requires
`pragma ComponentBehavior: Bound` to make the binding explicit.
- Implicit role injection (`text: model.text`) should be a
`required property`. Renamed the model role from "text" to "line"
so the required property doesn't shadow Label's own `text`.
Behaviour unchanged. Verified `make quality` from framework/skeleton
green; the framework's `php_qml_bridge_qmllint` target now lints
clean (no more warnings on DevConsole.qml).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
qmllint resolves QML modules by walking the import path looking for a
directory layout that mirrors the URI (PhpQml.Bridge → PhpQml/Bridge/).
qt_add_qml_module's OUTPUT_DIRECTORY defaults to CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR
— which, when consumers add_subdirectory() this with their own binary_dir
(skeleton: build/qml/php_qml_bridge, todo: build/qml/php_qml_bridge),
ends in `php_qml_bridge` instead of `PhpQml/Bridge`. cmake configure
warns about the mismatch:
The php_qml_bridge target is a QML module with target path
PhpQml/Bridge. It uses an OUTPUT_DIRECTORY of .../php_qml_bridge,
which should end in the same target path, but doesn't. Tooling
such as qmllint may not work correctly.
…and at lint time, qmllint can't find the module, so every file that
`import PhpQml.Bridge` (AppShell.qml, DevConsole.qml) fails with
"Failed to import PhpQml.Bridge", which cascades into bogus
"Unqualified access" warnings for every BackendConnection reference.
The cascade exits 255 in Qt 6.5.3's qmllint (CI), even when an older
local qmllint would only warn.
Fix: pin OUTPUT_DIRECTORY in the framework's own qt_add_qml_module so
the layout is correct regardless of how consumers wire up the
add_subdirectory binary_dir. Single source of truth in the framework,
no consumer-side change needed.
Verified locally: rebuild from scratch + `make quality` green
(qmllint clean of the cascade — only the pre-existing
DevConsole/Main.qml warnings remain, all non-fatal). PHPStan +
cs-fixer + 16 tests + maker snapshots also still green.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
BackendConnection now captures the bundled FrankenPHP child's merged
stdout+stderr into a 500-line ring buffer, mirrors each line through
qCInfo(lcBundled) so terminal users still see logs, and exposes
childLogTail() / childLogLine for QML.
DevConsole.qml is an opt-in monospaced viewer with auto-scroll + clear
that the skeleton and the todo example bind to Ctrl+`. Dev mode (when
BRIDGE_URL is set, no bundled child) renders an explanatory hint.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Wires in the option-(a) sidecar approach: the AppImage carries a
bundled AppImageUpdate AppImage and an embedded update-info string
in the .upd_info ELF section. BackendConnection drives both the
check and the apply via QProcess.
BackendConnection:
- Q_INVOKABLE checkForUpdates()
Bundled mode only. Spawns AppImageUpdate.AppImage with
--check-for-update <APPIMAGE>. Exits 0 → noUpdatesAvailable,
1 → updatesAvailable, anything else → updateCheckFailed.
Dev mode: emits updateCheckFailed("…dev-mode only").
- Q_INVOKABLE applyUpdate()
Bundled mode only. Spawns AppImageUpdate.AppImage with
--remove-old <APPIMAGE>. Replaces the running AppImage in
place; user must restart. Emits updateApplied or
updateApplyFailed.
- Sidecar path resolves to applicationDirPath()/AppImageUpdate.AppImage
by default, overridable via BRIDGE_APPIMAGEUPDATE_BIN.
- APPIMAGE env (set by the AppImage runtime) determines the target
file. Outside an AppImage both methods fail loudly.
build-appimage.sh:
- Auto-downloads AppImageUpdate-x86_64.AppImage into the cached
tools dir and copies it into AppDir/usr/bin/AppImageUpdate.AppImage.
- New --update-info flag, forwarded to appimagetool's -u so the
.upd_info ELF section carries an "zsync|<URL>" string the sidecar
will fetch.
examples/todo Makefile forwards APPIMAGE_UPDATE_INFO env to the
script as --update-info.
release.yml:
- Builds the AppImage with APPIMAGE_UPDATE_INFO set to the canonical
Gitea Releases asset URL for this tag.
- Installs zsync, runs zsyncmake to generate Todo-x86_64.AppImage.zsync.
- Generates a JSON appcast (latest.json) with version / url / sha256 /
size / zsync URL / released_at — useful as an HTTP-fetchable
fallback for clients that prefer a structured manifest.
- SHA256SUMS now covers AppImage + zsync + latest.json.
- Uploads all four assets to the Gitea Release.
AppImage size grows from ~104 MB to ~152 MB with the sidecar bundled.
Embedding verified: objdump shows .upd_info populated with the
expected zsync URL after a local build.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
CI was failing on the Install-bundle-dependencies step because
shivammathur/setup-php was installing 8.3 while Symfony 8.x dependencies
declare php >= 8.4. Local composer install worked because the dev box
runs PHP 8.5.5; CI doesn't.
Bumps:
- framework/php/composer.json
- framework/skeleton/symfony/composer.json
- examples/todo/symfony/composer.json
- .gitea/workflows/ci.yml php-version: '8.3' → '8.4'
- .gitea/workflows/release.yml same
- PLAN.md §13 Phase 1 *Detailed scope* PHP minimum row
PHPStan / cs-fixer / PHPUnit stay green locally.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Auto-detected on construction:
- BRIDGE_URL env set → dev mode (today's behaviour, unchanged).
- BRIDGE_URL unset → bundled mode: BackendConnection now
1. Resolves the user app data dir (QStandardPaths::AppDataLocation,
~/.local/share/<org>/<app> on Linux) and ensures var/, var/log/,
var/cache/ exist there.
2. Generates a per-session 32-byte URL-safe token and a 48-byte
Mercure JWT secret.
3. Runs `frankenphp php-cli bin/console doctrine:migrations:migrate -n`
against the user's DATABASE_URL with a 60s timeout.
4. Spawns FrankenPHP via QProcess with BRIDGE_TOKEN/MERCURE_*/PORT
in the env, prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) on the child, and
a supervisor that re-spawns up to 5 times on unexpected exit.
Each restart fires tokenRotated(newToken).
Path resolution defaults to applicationDirPath() + bin/frankenphp,
applicationDirPath() + symfony, applicationDirPath() + Caddyfile, with
both `/../share/<app>/...` and `/../usr/share/<app>/...` fallbacks for
AppImage-style layouts. All three are overridable via
BRIDGE_FRANKENPHP_BIN / BRIDGE_SYMFONY_DIR / BRIDGE_CADDYFILE env vars.
Caddyfiles in skeleton + example now use {$VAR:default} substitution
for PORT and the Mercure JWT keys, so the same Caddyfile works in both
modes. Dev defaults match symfony/.env.
restart() in bundled mode re-spawns the child (resets the supervisor
counter); in dev mode it stays a probe-only no-op.
Smoke-tested locally with `BRIDGE_FRANKENPHP_BIN=… BRIDGE_SYMFONY_DIR=…
BRIDGE_CADDYFILE=… ./build/qml/todo` (no BRIDGE_URL): bundled mode
created ~/.local/share/php-qml/todo/var/data.sqlite, ran the migration,
spawned FrankenPHP, served /healthz, accepted a POST /api/todos with
the per-session bearer. Dev mode (`make dev`) still works unchanged.
Includes a `phpqml.bridge.bundled` Q_LOGGING_CATEGORY so failures
surface to the user; enable with QT_LOGGING_RULES='phpqml.bridge.bundled.*=true'.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
ReactiveObject mirrors ReactiveListModel for a single entity. Loads via
GET <baseUrl><source>, stays in sync via Mercure SSE on `topic`, and
exposes the entity's JSON keys on a `data` QQmlPropertyMap so QML reads
them as `obj.data.title` with bindings that re-evaluate on change.
Properties:
- source / topic / baseUrl / token (configuration)
- data (QQmlPropertyMap*) — entity fields
- ready — initial fetch finished
- exists — entity present (false on 404 / delete)
- pending — at least one optimistic mutation in flight
- error
invoke(method, path, body, optimistic) is identical in shape to
ReactiveListModel.invoke(): apply optimistic to `data`, send the
request with an Idempotency-Key, clear `pending` on the matching
Mercure echo, roll back on 4xx/5xx or 10s timeout. The rollback
restores backed-up values and removes keys we added optimistically.
Wired into the QML module; the skeleton builds clean. Used by Phase 3
sub-commit 3's todo edit form.
Includes the merged CI trigger change (workflow now runs on `main`
branch only, not `dev` — keeps Gitea-runner pressure low while we're
iterating on dev).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
BackendConnection's ConnectionState enum is now Connecting / Online /
Reconnecting / Offline (PLAN.md §5). The probe loop tracks the first
failure since the last Online and transitions to Reconnecting on any
failed probe, then to Offline once the configurable threshold (30 s
default) is exceeded. The Error state is gone; Reconnecting + the
exposed `error` string subsume its UI role.
ReactiveListModel is the headline QML type:
- QAbstractListModel that GETs `baseUrl + source` for an initial JSON
array and then keeps in sync via an internal MercureClient subscribed
to `topic`.
- Role names are derived dynamically from the first row's keys plus an
internal `pending` boolean role used by optimistic mutations.
- Diff application: upsert (insert-or-update), delete, replace; gap
detection via the envelope `version` field with auto re-fetch.
- `invoke(method, path, body, optimistic)` is the optimistic command
primitive. Generates an Idempotency-Key, applies the local diff,
POST/PATCH/DELETEs with that key, and resolves on the matching
Mercure echo (correlation-key matched in ModelPublisher's envelope).
Rolls back and emits commandFailed on 4xx/5xx, commandTimedOut after
10 s without an echo. Phase 4 packaging will surface configuration
for the timeout.
AppShell.qml is the optional convenience root:
- Reads BackendConnection.connectionState.
- Reconnecting → top banner.
- Offline → modal overlay with the error string and a Retry button
(calls BackendConnection.restart()).
- Wraps user content via `default property alias content`.
Apps that want full chrome control can skip AppShell entirely; the
skeleton's Main.qml keeps its own status display for demonstration
and is unaffected.
ReactiveObject (single-entity twin of ReactiveListModel) is intentionally
deferred — same envelope handling, smaller surface; will land in Phase 2
follow-up or Phase 3 alongside the todo example. Cursor pagination is
similarly deferred (the Phase 2 done criterion uses small lists).
Smoke tested: /healthz + /api/ping round-trip cleanly, zero Mercure 401s,
clean shutdown. composer quality stays green (16 tests, 45 assertions).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Symfony app under framework/skeleton/symfony/: minimal bin/console,
public/index.php, MicroKernel-based src/Kernel.php, services.yaml,
framework/security/mercure config, and a demo App\Controller\PingController
that GETs /api/ping (returning JSON pong) and republishes the same
payload to the Mercure topic app://ping. composer.json uses a path
repository to symlink the bundle from ../../php so local edits are
picked up live.
QML app under framework/skeleton/qml/: top-level CMake that
add_subdirectory's framework/qml, a main.cpp that creates the Qt
process, runs SingleInstance.acquireOrForward before any QML loads,
exposes SingleInstance via context property, and loadFromModule's
Skeleton.Main. Main.qml uses BackendConnection / RestClient /
MercureClient from PhpQml.Bridge and renders status dots, a Ping
button, and an event log.
Caddyfile binds 127.0.0.1:8765, enables in-memory Mercure with a
256-bit dev JWT (matches symfony/.env, lcobucci/jwt requires this).
Makefile wraps build / dev / doctor / clean; scripts/dev.sh starts
FrankenPHP --watch and the Qt host together with explicit PID-based
teardown (process-group `kill 0` proved unreliable when frankenphp's
watch fork reparented).
Bug fixes uncovered in this sub-commit:
- SingleInstance.acquireOrForward: probe-first, then removeServer +
retry-listen. The original loop-with-removeServer-after-failed-bind
silently exited on stale sockets from prior runs.
- Main.qml: MercureClient does NOT inherit BackendConnection.token —
Mercure subscribes anonymously in dev (Caddyfile), and forwarding
the bridge bearer made it 401-loop.
- /api/ping was 500ing because the dev MERCURE_JWT_SECRET was 144 bits;
bumped to 64-char (>=256 bit) to satisfy lcobucci/jwt.
- Linked the framework lib (php_qml_bridge) explicitly in addition to
the QML plugin so SingleInstance.h resolves.
- Auto-generated config/reference.php gitignored.
Smoke verified offscreen: /healthz 200, /api/ping 200, 1 publish, 1
subscriber, zero 401s, clean shutdown with no zombies.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
MercureClient is a single-topic SSE subscriber: opens a long-lived GET
on the hub URL with the topic query and Accept: text/event-stream,
parses the line protocol into update(data, id) signals, and reconnects
with 1s→2s→…→30s exponential backoff on drop. Tracks lastEventId across
reconnects and sends it as Last-Event-ID so the hub can replay missed
messages — backing the "Sleep / wake" path in PLAN.md §3 *Edge cases*.
One client per topic by design; multi-topic aggregation is Phase 2.
RestClient.qml is a Promise-style XMLHttpRequest wrapper. Auto-attaches
an RFC4122-v4 Idempotency-Key to every non-GET request (PLAN.md §4 and
§7) so retries are safe by default. Maps application/problem+json error
bodies into structured rejections for downstream UI.
Standalone CMake build remains green.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
BackendConnection (QML singleton via create() factory) reads BRIDGE_URL
and BRIDGE_TOKEN from env, periodically probes <url>/healthz with a 2s
transfer timeout, and exposes a Connecting/Online/Error state machine
plus error/token properties to QML. Bundled-mode startup (spawning the
embedded FrankenPHP child) is a Phase 4 deliverable; restart() is a
no-op for now. tokenRotated signal is reserved for the per-session
secret rotation described in PLAN.md §3.
SingleInstance is C++-only — main() must call acquireOrForward() before
the QML engine boots, so it's exposed via context property rather than
QML_SINGLETON. QLocalServer-based lock with stale-socket detection,
launch-arg forwarding via QDataStream, and the deadlock-avoiding race
fallback specified in §3 *Edge cases*.
CMakeLists.txt declares the PhpQml.Bridge static QML module with both
sources and is dual-mode: stands alone for sanity builds, integrates
via add_subdirectory from the skeleton's top-level CMake (Phase 1
sub-commit 6). Standalone build verified clean.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Stands up the directory structure Phase 1 fills in over subsequent
sub-commits: framework/php (Composer package php-qml/bridge),
framework/qml (Qt module placeholder), framework/skeleton (Caddyfile +
Makefile stubs), and .gitea/workflows/ci.yml. Root .gitignore covers
the build/composer/Symfony/Qt/CMake/IDE artefacts the rest of Phase 1
will produce. No bundle code, no Qt module sources, no working dev mode
yet — those land in sub-commits 2-7. Spike still in place.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
